Effectively learning the aspects of psychology has numerous benefits. In fact, studying psychology even teaches an individual how to learn as well as the variety of ways learning occurs. A few of the pros of studying psychology are enhanced comprehension of others, better self knowledge and stronger problem-solving skills. One of the most powerful psychological tools is the principle of operant conditioning, which is one of two forms of associative learning.
Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental learning, is how individuals consort responses with consequences. Positive results fortify operant conditioning; negative responses deplete operant conditioning. For example, if a person decides to wear a new hairstyle and receives compliments, the flattery will likely encourage the person to continue wearing the hairstyle. In contrast, if the person receives degrading comments, they might not continue to wear the hairstyle.
One of many important aspects of operant learning is the Law of Effect, named by learning theorist Edward L. Thorndike. The Law of Effect states "the probability of a response is altered by the effect it has had." For instance, a child is likely to keep searching in a jar if the child has discovered candy in that jar previously. The child will likely end their search if candy is no longer found. "In operant conditioning, the learner actively 'operates on' the environment." Operant conditioning primarily alludes to learning discretional responses; in contrast, classical conditioning is more acquiescent or passive. Classical conditioning is ensued to the novice when an unconditioned stimulus (US) follows a conditioned stimulus (CS).
One important lesson when studying operant learning is knowing the difference between reinforcer and "reward." Rewards don't guarantee increased responding. An operant reinforcer is defined as any event that follows a response and increases it's probability of occurring again. One effective way to obtain operant response was the Skinner box, invented by B.F. Skinner. The Skinner box was used as response testing tool for animals.
The phrase "timing is everything" is especially accurate when considering the effectiveness of reinforcement. In order to elicit change, the reinforcer is generally after a response. Psychologists say that timing is the only requirement for learning. Shaping, which is the molding of responses, encourages goal-setting to receive the desired responses. It would be wise to work toward success by formulating small goals at the vehicle to reach the final goal. After completing the smaller goals, a reward is necessary for motivational purposes.
So, operant conditioning (or instrument learning) is an attempt to promote innovations in behavior through both positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement will likely result in more responses as opposed to negative reinforcement. B. F. Skinner's principles and studies were influenced by Robert L. Thorndike. Knowledge of psychology can lead to better knowledge of self, and science is not just accurate but important to know.
