A desert is a desolate region of the landscape with minimal rainfall, making living scenarios hostile for both plant and animal life. The lack of greenery exposes the exposed ground surface to denudation. Arid or semi-arid areas comprise around one-third of the Earth's geographical surface area. This consists of a big portion of the arctic areas, which are regularly described as polar deserts or "cold deserts" since they get very little precipitation. The quantity of rainfall that happens, the temperature level that dominates, the reasons for desertification, or the geographic place of a desert can all be utilized to categorize it. Large temperature differences between day and night impose tension on the rocks, causing them to fracture in fragments, which is how deserts are produced. Although deserts hardly ever see rain, there are sporadic downpours that may trigger flash floods. Hot rocks can break when exposed to rain, and the shattered pieces and rubble that are left on the desert flooring are further worn down by the wind. This gathers sand and dust particles, which can stay in the air for a long time and occasionally lead to the creation of sand storms or dust storms. The surface area can be worn away by wind-blown sand grains striking any solid item in their course. The wind flattens down rocks and creates constant sand deposits. Desert plants and animals require specific adjustments to endure the extreme environment. In order to fend against herbivory, plants often have water-resistant cuticles, little or no leaves, and regularly even spines. After a rain, certain annual plants grow, blossom, and then wither away within a few weeks, whereas other long-lived plants can continue for years and have deep root systems that can access moisture from the earth. In order to endure, animals require to remain cool and acquire enough food and water. Lots of are nighttime and invest the daytime heat in the shade or underground. The Imperial Valley in California works as an illustration of how formerly unproductive terrain might be rendered productive by the import of water from an outside source, making it practical to produce in the desert. Salt, gold, ivory, and other commodities were traditionally carried by camel caravans through a number of trade routes that have been developed across deserts, particularly those that span the Sahara. Furthermore, a large variety of slaves were transferred north through the Sahara. Deserts are also used for some mineral extraction, and the consistent sunshine makes it possible to record considerable amounts of solar power.

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