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Politics and Activism

Grupos Étnicos De Nayarit, México

Un corto resumen sobre la cultura Huichol.

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Grupos Étnicos De Nayarit, México
Huichol Foundation

Es importante saber la historia de donde somos para así poder defender nuestras raíces y apreciar nuestra cultura. Nayarit, la tierra de mis padres, es un estado de Mexico que se ubica en el noroeste del territorio. La palabra Nayarit proviene del idioma Cora y significa, "Hijo de Dios que esta en el cielo y en el Sol." En este país de clima cálido existen varios grupos etnicos como los Huicholes y los Coras. Este artículo se enfocara en la cultura Huichol.



Los wixárikas, o huicholes como son conocidos en español, habitan en el oeste central del país, principalmente en los estados de Nayarit, Jalisco, Durango y Zacatecas. Las viviendas de los huicholes usualmente son hechas de adobe o de piedras recubiertas con lodo. Junto a las casas tienen pequeños templos dedicados a las deidades y las llaman ririki o "casas de Dios."

Los productos artesanales que produce el pueblo Huichol pueden ser para vender o para uso religioso. Los cuadros de estambre que elaboran sobre tablas de madera con cera y sus figuras con chaquira sobre bules son para el comercio, mientras que los instrumentos musicales y bordados de ropa son para uso religioso.

La música y el baile entre los wixárikas tienen fuertes rasgos prehispánicos y se usan para honrar a la divinidad. Los bailes tradicionales llevan el ritmo con los pies. Existe un grupo contemporáneo llamado Huichol Musical cuya exitosa canción Cumbia Cusinela está basada en el cantante venado azul y está en idioma Huichol. (Se puede ver el video aquí.)

El "ojo de Dios" es una figura instrumental religiosa de los Huicholes. La forma del "ojo de Dios" hace referencia a los cinco puntos cardinales (Norte, Sur, Este, Oeste y el centro.) Un "Ojo de Dios" equivale a un año en la vida de un niño y cada año su padre debe elaborar uno hasta que cumpla cinco años de edad, para que siempre esté protegido. Estos amuletos integran forman el "árbol cósmico" que se tira al mar en un lugar sagrado en San Blas, Nayarit.


Las cuatro deidades más importantes de su religiónson el Maiz, Ciervo, Aguila y el Peyote. Las cuatro descienden del "Tau" o el Sol. El monte llamado Wirikuta que se ubica en el estado de San Luis Potosí es un lugar religioso para los Huicholes. El maíz representa el sustento vital mientras que el peyote es el medio más importante para trascender el mundo profano. Entre las fiestas religiosas más importantes de su sociedad esta la fiesta de las primeras mazorcas donde el cháman relata un viaje a la tierra sagrada de Wirikuta. Este viaje es llevado acabo en la temporada de sequía y su objetivo es recolectar peyote para sus ceremonias religiosas hasta llegar a la tierra del peyote, donde moran los dioses. Debido a que el gobierno federal dio una concesión para explotar una mina en la zona de Wirikuta, un lugar sagrado para los huicholes, a nivel grupo, ellos desconfían del gobierno.

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