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汉口古德寺

大隐隐于市的哥特式禅寺

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汉口古德寺
Gude Temple

第一眼看过去你会觉得这是一座如假包换的教堂。

实际上这是一座禅寺。


通往古德寺的小巷紧挨着一所美术高中,被闹市包围。它古老、精致,透着宫殿般的隐秘辉煌,像是遗落民间的珍宝。即便是土生土长的武汉人也很少知道这里。慕名而来的大多是外地人,有好好做功课看过旅游手册的那种。


为什么要把寺庙建得这么拉风?

我也很感兴趣。


据说,古德寺的昌宏法师想去缅甸游学,却因交通不便,无法前往。某日法师突发灵感,让工匠将寺庙建成这般,碰巧同缅甸佛寺十分相似。

我是不信的。

讲道理嘛。古德寺整体轮廓仿照缅甸的阿兰陀寺建造,风格属于南传佛教建筑。但是仔细观察,还是能发现希腊式哥特式建筑的特点——宝殿顶端有佛教的九莲花墩和诸天菩萨,而回廊和廊柱却透着希腊风情。撑起大殿的是艾奥尼克的柱式,描绘轮廓的是哥特式的尖券玫瑰窗。尖券烘托着寺庙顶端的佛像,带有哥特式教堂的“上升感”。宝殿正面具有天主教教堂的恢弘,侧面又有清真寺的影子。

这种极尽混搭的风格,我真的不信大师是凭空想出来的。

不过,故事是否属实,尚不可考。可以确定的是,这与历史背景分不开关系。


古德寺始建成于光绪三年(1877)。清代这个朝代,看似封闭,萎靡,却同时隐匿着一种开放性张力。

这种张力是建立在被侵略的基础上的。


19世纪的汉口曾是六个国家的租界。汉口是完美的通商口岸,长江西上巴蜀,东下吴越,北溯豫陕,南达湘桂。列强看好汉口的九省通衢,霸占此地直到下一个世纪。

古德寺就是这个时代的产物。我想,它的风格和随着列强入侵而带来的审美分不开关系。


之后,辛亥革命时的古德寺是比丘的道场。武昌起义爆发时,古德寺的僧众冲上战场给革命者们进行医疗援助,并且将近千烈士遗体安葬在寺庙后面。古德寺是民国武汉规模最大的佛教丛林。是黎元洪亲笔题字,孙中山亲自拜访,十分风光。

后来改革开放了。


再然后……文革就不远了。

由于古德寺田产较多,不幸被政府划为了地主成分。革命小将们很负责任地对寺庙中的佛像和文物进行了打砸——二十四诸天菩萨像被付之一炬,圆通宝殿殿顶的罗马雕塑被完全破坏。在那场浩劫中,僧众遭到遣散,破碎的禅寺,连同辛亥革命的烈士遗骸,被填平,然后在上面建了新的工厂。


在佛教协会的坚持下,如今的古德寺得以重建,成为了比丘尼道场。我进去的时候,看见灰衣的比丘尼一边摇着纸扇一边穿过艾奥尼克柱式的长廊。佛教的信众在哥特式的尖券下走过,安静地跪拜泰国的四方佛。

这是中国历史上东方审美与西洋文化的奇遇。

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